Acupuncture for Vertigo: Best UK Treatment Options

Acupuncture for Vertigo: Best UK Treatment Options

Exploring the Role of Acupuncture in Managing Vertigo Symptoms Effectively

Understanding Vertigo: Importance, Causes, and Effects

Vertigo is a complex medical condition defined by a disorienting sensation of spinning or dizziness, often accompanied by feelings of imbalance or the false perception that one's environment is moving. This perplexing disorder can stem from various sources, including inner ear disorders, dysfunctions within the vestibular system, migraine-related issues, anxiety disorders, or side effects from specific medications. A comprehensive understanding of vertigo is crucial for developing effective treatment approaches, as the underlying causes can differ significantly between individuals. For healthcare professionals, grasping the nuances of this condition is essential to create tailored treatment plans that meet each patient's unique needs and circumstances.

In the UK, numerous patients frequently report experiencing vertigo, often seeking multiple avenues to alleviate their distressing symptoms. Conditions such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and vestibular neuritis are common, prompting many individuals to explore alternative therapies, including acupuncture, in conjunction with traditional medical treatments. By investigating the intricate nature of vertigo, healthcare practitioners can refine their strategies, ensuring patients receive the highest quality of care tailored to their specific symptoms and experiences.

Uncovering the Benefits of Acupuncture in Alleviating Vertigo Symptoms

<a href=”https://mcrtherapies.co.uk/acupuncture-for-knee-pain-relief-effective-solutions/”>Acupuncture</a> is a time-honoured therapeutic practice rooted in traditional Chinese medicine, involving the meticulous insertion of ultra-fine needles into designated points on the body, commonly referred to as acupuncture points. This treatment is thought to activate various bodily systems, including the nervous system, muscles, and connective tissues, thereby promoting healing and alleviating a spectrum of ailments, including vertigo. The effectiveness of acupuncture is largely attributed to its capacity to enhance blood circulation, diminish inflammation, and stimulate the release of endorphins, which are crucial for reducing pain and fostering overall physical wellness.

In the context of treating vertigo, acupuncture can significantly alleviate symptoms and decrease the frequency of dizziness episodes. By concentrating on specific acupuncture points linked to the vestibular system and improving overall blood flow, practitioners can effectively target the root causes of vertigo symptoms. This holistic and integrative approach often results in a substantial enhancement of quality of life for individuals dealing with this challenging condition, empowering them to reclaim control and confidence in their daily activities.

Diverse Acupuncture Techniques Utilised for Treating Vertigo in the UK

Across the UK, acupuncture practitioners utilise a wide range of specialised techniques tailored to address the unique needs of each patient while managing the complexities of vertigo. For instance, scalp acupuncture specifically targets regions on the scalp associated with balance and sensory perception, whereas ear acupuncture focuses on the auricular area, which plays a critical role in numerous bodily functions, including aspects related to the vestibular system. Another common approach, body acupuncture, involves the insertion of needles into the body's meridians to enhance the flow of energy and alleviate symptoms.

The selection of techniques is profoundly influenced by the patient’s individual symptoms and medical history. Acupuncturists in the UK typically conduct comprehensive assessments to determine the most appropriate treatment strategies. Key factors such as the frequency and intensity of vertigo episodes, along with any coexisting medical conditions, inform the selection of acupuncture points and techniques. This personalised approach ultimately leads to more effective treatment outcomes, allowing patients to experience relief that is specifically tailored to their distinct health challenges.

Expert Insights on Acupuncture's Effectiveness in Vertigo Management

Acupuncture for Vertigo Treatment: A serene acupuncture session for vertigo treatment with needles in head and neck, in calming blue tones.

Insights from UK Healthcare Professionals About Acupuncture for Vertigo

Healthcare professionals across the UK are increasingly acknowledging acupuncture as a credible and effective therapy for vertigo, emphasising its potential to enhance balance and alleviate dizziness. Practitioners assert that acupuncture presents a more effective and validated treatment option, supported by clinical experience and emerging research findings. Numerous specialists report that patients frequently experience significant improvements in their symptoms following acupuncture sessions, reinforcing its reputation as a respected alternative for individuals seeking options beyond conventional medical therapies.

Experts advocate for an integrative healthcare model, suggesting that acupuncture should be utilised alongside other treatments, such as medications and physical therapy. This multifaceted strategy not only addresses the symptoms of vertigo but also targets its underlying causes, providing a comprehensive solution for patients. Such insights underscore the growing significance of acupuncture within the broader healthcare framework, establishing it as a valuable adjunct therapy for effectively managing vertigo-related challenges.

How Acupuncturists in the UK Customise Treatments for Individual Patients

In the UK, acupuncturists employ a personalised approach to treatment, ensuring that every session is specifically tailored to the individual patient’s symptoms and medical history. This level of personalisation is essential for achieving optimal outcomes. Key factors considered when customising treatments include:

  • The patient’s detailed medical history and any pre-existing health conditions.
  • The frequency and intensity of vertigo episodes experienced by the patient.
  • Individual responses to previous acupuncture treatments.
  • Additional symptoms, such as tinnitus or headaches, that may accompany vertigo.

This holistic assessment enables practitioners to optimise the type and frequency of acupuncture sessions, thereby maximising their effectiveness. For instance, patients suffering from acute vertigo may benefit from more frequent sessions, while those with chronic symptoms may require a different treatment regimen. By concentrating on the distinct needs of each patient, acupuncturists can significantly enhance the effectiveness of their interventions, helping patients find meaningful relief from vertigo.

Recent Research Discoveries on Acupuncture's Efficacy for Vertigo in the UK

UK clinic showcasing acupuncture's effectiveness for vertigo relief, blending modern research with traditional Chinese elements.

Recent research conducted in the UK has produced encouraging findings regarding the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating vertigo. Numerous patients have reported substantial relief from their symptoms following acupuncture treatments, indicating that this therapy can play a vital role in managing the condition. These insights are particularly relevant in light of the rising prevalence of vertigo-related disorders, prompting further exploration of acupuncture as a viable treatment alternative.

Moreover, studies have demonstrated that acupuncture serves not only as an alternative but also as a preferred option compared to traditional medications that often come with undesirable side effects. The positive feedback from patients, combined with an expanding body of supportive research, has established acupuncture as a credible treatment option for vertigo in the UK, facilitating its integration into standard care practices.

Patient Experiences with Acupuncture as a Treatment for Vertigo in the UK

Patients throughout the UK consistently share positive experiences regarding acupuncture for vertigo treatment, frequently noting a significant reduction in symptoms and an enhancement in their overall quality of life. Many individuals describe experiencing a profound sense of calm and relaxation during and after their sessions, attributing these feelings to the holistic nature of acupuncture. This treatment not only alleviates dizziness but also restores their confidence, enabling them to engage in daily activities without fear.

Furthermore, testimonials from UK patients underscore that acupuncture fosters a deeper understanding of their condition, as practitioners provide valuable education on managing vertigo through lifestyle modifications and self-care strategies. This educational component enriches the therapeutic experience and empowers patients to take an active role in their recovery journeys, cultivating a positive outlook on their overall health and well-being.

Highlighting the Benefits of Acupuncture for Vertigo Treatment in the UK

Immediate Benefits of Acupuncture for Patients Experiencing Vertigo

The immediate advantages of undergoing acupuncture for vertigo are both remarkable and transformative. Many patients report a swift reduction in dizziness following their treatments, resulting in improved balance and a general sense of well-being. This rapid relief can significantly impact individuals who struggle with daily tasks due to vertigo, allowing them to return to their normal routines with greater ease and confidence.

Moreover, the calming effects of acupuncture often foster a pervasive sense of relaxation, alleviating the symptoms that commonly accompany vertigo episodes. For many patients, these immediate benefits serve as a compelling incentive to continue with acupuncture treatment. The anticipation of prompt relief motivates individuals to fully engage in their recovery process, often leading to long-term success in effectively managing their vertigo symptoms.

Long-Term Benefits of Acupuncture for Sustained Vertigo Management

While the immediate alleviation of symptoms is undeniably advantageous, the long-term benefits of acupuncture for vertigo are equally compelling and noteworthy. Over time, many patients report sustained relief from symptoms, a decrease in the frequency of vertigo episodes, and an overall enhancement in their quality of life. Regular acupuncture sessions can play a crucial role in maintaining balance and stability, empowering individuals to navigate their environments without the fear of sudden dizziness.

Furthermore, ongoing acupuncture treatment can strengthen the body’s natural healing processes, promoting overall wellness and resilience against future vertigo episodes. This preventative aspect of acupuncture offers a holistic approach to care, enabling patients to address current symptoms while working towards achieving long-term health objectives. For many individuals in the UK, the cumulative benefits of consistent acupuncture treatment can lead to a transformative experience in their efforts to manage vertigo effectively.

Complementary Role of Acupuncture in Other Treatment Strategies for Vertigo

Acupuncture is widely regarded within the UK healthcare framework as an effective complementary therapy for vertigo. When integrated with conventional treatments, such as medications or physical therapy, acupuncture can significantly enhance these interventions. This integrative approach allows for a more comprehensive management plan that addresses both the symptoms and the underlying causes of vertigo.

For instance, patients who are on medications for vertigo may find that acupuncture alleviates side effects or improves the overall efficacy of their medications. Similarly, individuals undergoing physical therapy may experience enhanced coordination and balance, as acupuncture addresses muscle tension and promotes relaxation. By offering a holistic treatment perspective, acupuncture helps patients achieve better outcomes, facilitating a more positive healing journey.

Finding a Qualified Acupuncturist in the UK: Your Detailed Guide

Essential Qualifications to Look for When Choosing an Acupuncturist

When seeking an acupuncturist in the UK, it is vital to verify their qualifications and professional standing to ensure a safe and effective treatment experience. Seek practitioners who are recognised members of professional bodies, such as the British Acupuncture Council (BAcC), which requires that members meet specific training and practice standards. Qualified acupuncturists should have completed a rigorous training programme that typically spans a minimum of three years, encompassing both theoretical study and practical experience.

In addition to professional affiliations, it is prudent to consider the practitioner’s experience, particularly in treating vertigo. A comprehensive understanding of the latest techniques and a patient-centred approach often distinguish highly skilled acupuncturists from others in the field. By prioritising qualifications and relevant experience, patients can feel confident in their choice of practitioner, increasing the likelihood of achieving favourable treatment outcomes in their journey to manage vertigo.

How to Locate Acupuncturists Specialising in Vertigo Treatment

Finding an acupuncturist who specialises in vertigo within the UK can be accomplished through various avenues. Recommendations from healthcare professionals, such as general practitioners or physiotherapists, can lead to trusted practitioners who have demonstrated success in treating vertigo. Online directories, particularly those affiliated with professional acupuncture associations, are also valuable resources for identifying qualified acupuncturists.

Moreover, many acupuncture clinics provide detailed information regarding their practitioners’ specialisations on their websites, allowing prospective patients to identify those with expertise in vertigo treatment. Patients may also wish to contact local acupuncture organisations, as these often maintain up-to-date listings or directories of accredited practitioners. Here are some reputable resources to consider when searching for acupuncturists:

  • British Acupuncture Council (BAcC)
  • Acupuncture Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (AACP)
  • National Institute for Medical Acupuncture (NIMA)
  • Local healthcare providers and GP recommendations

What to Expect During Your Initial Consultation with an Acupuncturist

During your first appointment with an acupuncturist in the UK, you can anticipate a thorough consultation that focuses on your vertigo symptoms and overall health history. Practitioners typically begin with an in-depth discussion about your experiences with vertigo, including the frequency and severity of episodes, identifiable triggers, and your general lifestyle and well-being.

A physical examination may also be carried out to further assess your condition. Depending on their findings, the acupuncturist may initiate an initial treatment session during the same visit. This comprehensive approach helps establish a personalised treatment plan, ensuring that future sessions are tailored to your specific needs and responses. By fostering an open and communicative environment, practitioners build trust and comfort, empowering patients to engage fully in their healing journey.

Research-Supported Benefits of Acupuncture for Vertigo Treatment

Current Research on Acupuncture's Effectiveness for Vertigo

Research conducted in the UK has demonstrated that acupuncture can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of vertigo symptoms. Numerous studies highlight the effectiveness of acupuncture as a viable treatment option, with patients frequently reporting relief following their sessions. These findings reinforce the argument for acupuncture as a non-invasive and well-tolerated alternative to conventional therapies. Moreover, the growing body of evidence supporting acupuncture’s safety profile enhances its appeal as a treatment option. Although acupuncture may have minor side effects, it generally presents minimal risks, making it a suitable choice for those seeking relief from their symptoms. This expanding body of research not only supports the implementation of acupuncture in clinical practice but also underscores its significance as an outstanding holistic healthcare solution.

Comparative Effectiveness of Acupuncture Versus Traditional Treatment Approaches for Vertigo

Acupuncture has emerged as a compelling alternative to traditional treatments for vertigo within the UK. Evidence suggests that acupuncture can be as effective, if not more so, than conventional medications, offering a non-invasive method for managing symptoms. Many patients report experiencing fewer side effects when opting for acupuncture compared to medications, which often carry the risk of adverse effects. Moreover, acupuncture’s ability to address the root causes of vertigo, such as inner ear issues, distinguishes it from many conventional therapies that primarily focus on symptom management. This holistic approach not only alleviates existing symptoms but also promotes overall health and resilience, making acupuncture a valuable addition to a comprehensive treatment strategy. Numerous studies have been conducted in the UK regarding acupuncture.

Several landmark studies conducted in the UK have examined the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating vertigo, yielding optimistic results. Research indicates that patients undergoing acupuncture report substantial reductions in their vertigo symptoms, experiencing significant improvements in balance and overall quality of life. These investigations often highlight acupuncture’s role in complementing traditional care approaches and its increasing acceptance among healthcare professionals.

The results from these studies provide a robust evidence base for the clinical use of acupuncture, suggesting its effective integration into standard treatment protocols. As awareness of acupuncture's benefits continues to grow, more healthcare providers are considering it a viable option for their patients facing vertigo-related challenges.

Patient Perspectives on Acupuncture for Vertigo Treatment in the UK

Insights from Patient Testimonials on Acupuncture's Impact

Patient testimonials regarding acupuncture for vertigo in the UK often reflect significant improvements in their condition. Individuals report experiencing a marked decrease in dizziness and enhanced balance following treatment. These positive experiences frequently lead to increased confidence in managing their daily activities, which may have been previously hindered by vertigo.

Additionally, patients frequently express appreciation for the holistic nature of acupuncture, noting that it not only alleviates physical symptoms but also fosters relaxation and emotional well-being. Such testimonials serve to reinforce the value of acupuncture as a credible treatment for vertigo, inspiring others to consider acupuncture as a viable option in their quest for relief.

Typical Timeline for Observing Results from Acupuncture Treatment

The timeline for experiencing results from acupuncture for vertigo can vary significantly among patients. Many individuals begin noticing improvements within just a few sessions, often completing an initial treatment series. However, factors such as the duration and frequency of sessions can influence the speed at which results are observed. Consistent and ongoing treatment is often critical to achieving long-term success in managing vertigo symptoms.

While some patients may find relief after just a couple of sessions, others may require a more comprehensive approach to benefit fully from acupuncture. Ultimately, collaborating closely with a qualified acupuncturist is essential to develop treatment plans that consider individual patient needs and responses, ensuring the best possible outcomes.

Challenges Patients May Encounter During Acupuncture Treatment

Patients in the UK seeking acupuncture for vertigo may encounter various challenges throughout their treatment journey. A significant obstacle is locating a qualified acupuncturist who possesses specialised experience in treating vertigo, as not all practitioners have extensive knowledge of this specific condition. Additionally, financial considerations can pose a challenge, as acupuncture sessions may not be universally covered by health insurance, raising concerns about affordability.

Maintaining a consistent treatment schedule can also prove difficult, particularly for individuals with busy lifestyles or other health concerns. Overcoming these hurdles is essential for patients to maximise the benefits of acupuncture for vertigo, and seeking guidance from a healthcare provider is crucial for navigating these obstacles effectively. With determination and the right support, patients can achieve meaningful improvements in their vertigo symptoms.

Comparative Efficacy of Acupuncture Versus Other Treatment Modalities for Vertigo

Many patients in the UK find acupuncture to be a more effective treatment option for vertigo compared to conventional treatments or physical therapy. Reports frequently indicate fewer side effects with acupuncture, which is a crucial consideration for individuals sensitive to pharmaceuticals. Moreover, acupuncture’s holistic approach addresses not only the physical aspects of vertigo but also its emotional and psychological components.

Patients often appreciate that acupuncture provides a personalised treatment experience, allowing practitioners to tailor sessions to meet their specific needs. This level of individualisation frequently leads to more effective outcomes, as patients feel understood and supported throughout their treatment journey. The combination of reduced symptoms, minimal side effects, and a comprehensive approach to care makes acupuncture a compelling choice for many seeking relief from vertigo.

Accessing Acupuncture and Its Affordability for Vertigo Treatment in the UK

Average Costs Associated with Acupuncture Sessions in the UK

The cost of acupuncture for vertigo in the UK can vary widely based on several factors, including the type of acupuncture, practitioner experience, and session duration. Typically, treatment sessions range from £40 to £80, with some practitioners offering package deals or discounts for multiple sessions. Patients may find that investing in regular treatments leads to significant long-term benefits, making it a worthwhile consideration for effectively managing vertigo.

While acupuncture is generally regarded as an affordable treatment option, the financial aspect can be daunting for some patients. Exploring different practitioners and treatment options can help individuals find a solution that fits within their budget. Additionally, seeking recommendations or researching local clinics may uncover practitioners offering quality treatment at competitive prices.

NHS Coverage for Acupuncture Treatments in the UK

The NHS does not routinely cover acupuncture treatments, although some patients may access acupuncture through private health insurance or specific NHS trusts. Individuals considering acupuncture should inquire about coverage details, as policies can differ significantly among providers.

Patients interested in acupuncture should feel empowered to discuss potential options with their acupuncture provider. In certain cases, NHS practitioners may recommend acupuncture as part of a comprehensive management plan, facilitating treatment even if direct coverage is unavailable. This collaborative approach ensures that patients can explore all available options for effectively managing their vertigo symptoms.

Locations of Acupuncture Clinics Throughout the UK

Acupuncture clinics in the UK are widely accessible, with facilities situated in major cities and towns. Many clinics operate within wellness centres, private practices, or hospitals, making it easier for patients to seek treatment close to home. However, accessibility can vary significantly by region, with larger urban areas typically offering a broader selection of qualified practitioners.

Patients can conduct online searches for acupuncture clinics in their vicinity or consult local directories for further information. Here are some major cities where acupuncture clinics can usually be found:

  • London
  • Manchester
  • Birmingham
  • Glasgow
  • Leeds
  • Edinburgh
  • Bristol
  • Sheffield

Strategies for Finding an Affordable Acupuncturist for Vertigo Treatment in the UK

Finding an affordable acupuncturist for vertigo in the UK can be achieved through various strategies. Online directories offer a convenient way to compare prices and read reviews from previous patients, enabling individuals to make informed choices about their treatment options. Additionally, some practitioners may provide special promotions or discounts for first-time clients or package deals for multiple sessions, making the treatment more accessible for those on a budget.

Exploring options such as student clinics or community acupuncture services can also lead to lower-cost treatments, as these facilities may offer services delivered by supervised trainees or at reduced rates. By proactively researching and reaching out to various practitioners, patients can discover affordable acupuncture options that align with their needs and effectively manage their vertigo symptoms.

Financial Assistance Programs Available for Acupuncture in the UK

In the UK, certain charities and organisations provide financial assistance or subsidies for acupuncture treatments, particularly for individuals coping with chronic conditions such as vertigo. These programmes aim to improve access to complementary therapies for those facing financial hardships. Patients can explore available options through local health charities, community centres, and even their healthcare providers.

Additionally, some acupuncture clinics may offer sliding-scale fees or payment plans, allowing patients to receive necessary treatments without incurring significant financial strain. By researching available resources and engaging in open discussions with practitioners, individuals can uncover potential financial support that makes acupuncture more accessible and affordable for their treatment needs.

The Future of Acupuncture in Vertigo Treatment Across the UK

Emerging Trends Shaping the Future of Acupuncture for Vertigo

Emerging trends in the UK indicate a growing acceptance of acupuncture as a legitimate treatment option for vertigo. As healthcare professionals increasingly recognise the benefits of integrative medicine, acupuncture is gradually being incorporated into standard treatment protocols. This shift reflects a broader trend towards holistic approaches in healthcare, encouraging patients to explore multiple avenues for managing their conditions.

Furthermore, there is a rising interest in researching the effectiveness of acupuncture for various health conditions, including vertigo. An increase in acupuncture studies is likely to yield more evidence supporting acupuncture’s role in managing vertigo symptoms, helping to solidify its place within the healthcare community. With these trends, acupuncture is poised to become a standard component in the toolkit of practitioners treating vertigo and related disorders.

Technological Advances Influencing Acupuncture Practices

Technology is increasingly influencing acupuncture practices in the UK. Innovations such as digital tools for patient assessments and online booking systems enhance accessibility and convenience for patients. Moreover, the popularity of virtual consultations allows individuals to seek advice and follow-up care without needing in-person visits.

Advancements in needle placement techniques and the introduction of smart acupuncture devices are also transforming the practice of acupuncture. These technologies can improve the precision and effectiveness of acupuncture, enabling practitioners to deliver more tailored treatments. As acupuncture continues to embrace technology, patients can anticipate more effective treatment experiences, ultimately leading to better outcomes in managing conditions such as vertigo.

Future Predictions for Acupuncture's Role in Treating Vertigo

Predictions for acupuncture's role in treating vertigo in the UK suggest a continued rise in its utilisation. As awareness of its benefits increases among both medical and non-medical professionals, more individuals will seek acupuncture as a viable treatment option. This trend is bolstered by ongoing research confirming acupuncture's effectiveness and safety in managing vertigo.

The acupuncture landscape is evolving towards integrative practices, and acupuncture is expected to receive greater recognition alongside conventional therapies. Increasing demand for holistic healthcare solutions will likely encourage practitioners to incorporate acupuncture into comprehensive treatment plans for vertigo. Such integration provides diverse treatment options while reinforcing acupuncture's status as an essential component of modern healthcare.

Frequently Asked Questions About Acupuncture for Vertigo Treatment

What Is Acupuncture for Vertigo Treatment?

Acupuncture for vertigo treatment involves the insertion of fine needles into specific points on the body aimed at alleviating dizziness and enhancing balance. It is a complementary therapy rooted in traditional Chinese medicine.

How Effective Is Acupuncture for Vertigo?

Many patients report significant improvements in symptoms following acupuncture treatment. Research indicates that it can effectively reduce both the frequency and severity of vertigo episodes.

Are There Any Side Effects Associated with Acupuncture?

Acupuncture is generally regarded as a safe treatment; however, it may have some side effects. Some patients may experience mild bruising or soreness at the sites where needles are inserted, but these effects are typically temporary.

How Many Sessions of Acupuncture Are Needed to See Results?

The number of sessions required varies from person to person. Many patients notice improvements within a few sessions, while others may require ongoing treatment for optimal results.

Can I Combine Acupuncture with Other Treatments for Vertigo?

Yes, acupuncture can be used in conjunction with other treatments, such as physical therapy, to create a comprehensive management plan for vertigo.

How Do I Locate a Qualified Acupuncturist for Vertigo Treatment?

Look for acupuncturists who are registered with professional bodies, such as the British Acupuncture Council, and have specific experience in treating vertigo.

Does the NHS Cover Acupuncture Treatments in the UK?

The NHS does not routinely cover acupuncture; however, some private health insurance plans may offer coverage for acupuncture treatments, depending on the specific policy.

What Is the Typical Cost of Acupuncture Sessions in the UK?

The cost of acupuncture sessions in the UK generally ranges from £40 to £80, with variations based on location and the practitioner’s experience.

Can Acupuncture Assist with Other Conditions Beyond Vertigo?

Yes, acupuncture can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including chronic pain and digestive issues, highlighting its versatility as a therapeutic approach.

Are There Financial Assistance Programs Available for Acupuncture in the UK?

Some charities and organisations offer financial assistance for acupuncture treatments, particularly for individuals with chronic conditions. It is advisable to inquire locally for available resources.

Connect with Us on Facebook!

The article: Acupuncture for Vertigo Treatment: Effective Relief in the UK appeared first on https://mcrtherapies.co.uk

The Article Acupuncture for Vertigo: Effective UK Treatment Solutions Was Found On https://limitsofstrategy.com

The Article Acupuncture for Vertigo: Top Treatment Options in the UK found first on https://electroquench.com

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *